雅思英語(yǔ)長(cháng)難句分析技巧

時(shí)間:2024-09-08 07:35:49 科普知識 我要投稿
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雅思英語(yǔ)長(cháng)難句分析技巧

  一. 了解英語(yǔ)里的句子類(lèi)型

雅思英語(yǔ)長(cháng)難句分析技巧

  英語(yǔ)句子的基本類(lèi)型有簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復合句。

  簡(jiǎn)單句:句子中只有一套主謂結構的叫簡(jiǎn)單句。

  比如(劍橋5,Wilderness tourism operates throughout the year in fragile areas. )

  這句話(huà)中只有一套主謂結構,主語(yǔ)是wilderness toursim,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是operates。

  并列句:句子中有兩套或者兩套以上主謂結構,并且這些主謂結構之間屬于并列關(guān)系。

  比如(劍橋7,The disastrous Hanshin earthquake in 1995 killed 6,400 people, toppled elevated highways, flattened office blocks and devastated the port area of Kobe. )

  這句話(huà)中有4套主謂結構,分別是Hanshin earthquake killed, Hanshin earthquake toppled, Hanshin earthquake flattened and Hanshin earthquake devastated。因為這4個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞共用一個(gè)主語(yǔ)Hanshin earthquake,所以作者在寫(xiě)這個(gè)句子的時(shí)候只讓Hanshin earthquake出現一次。

  復合句:其實(shí)也就是通常說(shuō)的主從句結構。這樣的句子里有兩套或兩套以上主謂結構,并且這些主謂結構之間屬于從屬關(guān)系。劍橋閱讀的閱讀中有太多這樣的例子。

  比如(劍橋7,Japanese scholars have been mystified for ages about why these tall, slender buildings are so stable. )

  這句話(huà)中有2套主謂結構,一個(gè)是主句中的Japanese scholars have been mystified, 另外一個(gè)是由why引導的賓語(yǔ)從句中的buildings are so stable. 賓語(yǔ)從句中的主謂結構從屬于主語(yǔ),因為它是作為整個(gè)句子的賓語(yǔ)部分而存在。

  二、了解讓句子變長(cháng)的原因

  相信很多學(xué)生對此有同感:閱讀文章里的長(cháng)句讀著(zhù)讀著(zhù)就迷失了,讀了結尾就不知道開(kāi)頭在哪了。而寫(xiě)作文時(shí)要秀一下長(cháng)句卻往往心有意而力不足。接著(zhù)我們就來(lái)看看是什么讓英語(yǔ)句子變長(cháng)了?真的總是如學(xué)生抱怨的那樣,太多從句了嗎?

  比如:(劍橋7,Yet in 826, with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright, the master builder Kobodaishi had no hesitation in sending his majestic Toji pagoda soaring fifty-five metres into the sky-nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later.)

  這個(gè)句子雖然看似很長(cháng),但其實(shí)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。主語(yǔ)是the master builder Kobodaishi,謂語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)是had no hesitation in doing sth, 所以主干意思就是Kobodaishi建筑大師毫不猶豫去做了某件事情。至于yet in 826這是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ), with only pegs and wedges to keep his wooden structure upright 這也是with引導的一個(gè)伴隨狀語(yǔ),nearly half as high as the Kasumigaseki skyscraper built some eleven centuries later這個(gè)補語(yǔ),用來(lái)補充說(shuō)明fifty-five metres into the sky究竟是有多高。由這個(gè)例子,我們可以得出一些附屬句子成分像狀語(yǔ)和補語(yǔ)會(huì )讓句子變長(cháng)。

  再來(lái)看一個(gè)句子,比如(劍橋5,Much attention has focused on erosion along major trails, but perhaps more important are the deforestation and impacts on water supplies arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. )

  這個(gè)句子里有2套主謂結構,一個(gè)是attention has focused on, 另外一個(gè)是more important are deforestation and impacts 并且這2套主謂結構由but相連,屬于一個(gè)并列句。對剩下成分進(jìn)行分析,我們發(fā)現,erosion后面有個(gè)短語(yǔ)along major trails, 這個(gè)是用來(lái)修飾限定erosion的,即主要步道沿路的侵蝕,impacts on water supply后面也有一個(gè)修飾成分arising from the need to provide tourists with cooked food and hot showers. 因為需要給游客提供熟食和熱水澡而引發(fā)的對水供給造成的影響。

  簡(jiǎn)而言之,講到長(cháng)句,學(xué)生們不需要直接把它們與從句等同起來(lái)。句子變長(cháng),還有一部分原因是因為句子中嵌入了很多附屬成分比如說(shuō)狀語(yǔ),定語(yǔ)和補語(yǔ)。我們可以利用這個(gè)規律,在讀長(cháng)句時(shí)有意識地先把這些附屬成分先略去不看,先把主干(即主謂)找出來(lái),那我們對句子的理解肯定也能做到手到擒來(lái)了。

  三、了解一些不常見(jiàn)的句子結構

  一些有著(zhù)特殊結構的句子也成了閱讀中的攔路虎。

  1. 強調句

  比如:(劍橋7,It was only thirty years ago that the building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors.)

  理解強調句的時(shí)候可以先將其還原成正常語(yǔ)序的句子,便于理解。The building industry felt confident enough to erect office blocks of steel and reinforced concrete that had more than a dozen floors only thirty years ago. 建筑行業(yè)才開(kāi)始有信心去建立辦公大樓,辦公大樓是鋼筋混凝土結構,辦公大樓超過(guò)12層,盡僅僅30年前。重新組合一下這些短句的順序,就變成建筑行業(yè)是從30年前才開(kāi)始有信心建造超過(guò)12層樓高的鋼筋混凝土結構的辦公大樓。

  2. 倒裝句

  比如:(Down came the “white only”notices in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South.)

  這句話(huà)因為把down放句首了,用了倒裝的結構,正常順序應該是the “white only”notices came down in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches that once could be found everywhere throughout the South. ‘in buses, hotels, trains, restaurants, sporting events, rest rooms and on park benches’這個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)作為后置定語(yǔ)修飾notices。介詞短語(yǔ)后面還有一個(gè)that引導的定語(yǔ)從句修飾notices。對倒裝完成沒(méi)有概念的同學(xué)看到這句話(huà)后說(shuō)不定還會(huì )覺(jué)得這個(gè)句子寫(xiě)錯了。

  3. the more..., the more... 句型, 翻譯成越...,越...

  比如:(劍橋6,In fact, Newman believes the main reason for adopting one sort of transport over another is politics: ‘The more democratic the process, the more public transport is favored.’)

  事實(shí)上,Newman認為采取偏向采用某種交通工具的主要原因是政治:“過(guò)程越民主,公共交通就越受歡迎!)

  4. 賓語(yǔ)+賓補

  比如:(劍橋7,Food production has kept pace with soaring population mainly because of the expansion of artificial irrigation systems that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food.)

  主干是food production has kept pace with soaring population 糧食生產(chǎn)跟上了人口飆升的步伐,后面跟了一個(gè)because of artificial irrigation短語(yǔ)作原因狀語(yǔ),并且在irrigation systems后面還跟了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句that make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food 來(lái)修飾irrigation systems。在這個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句里,make possible the growth of 40% of the world’s food這個(gè)就是賓語(yǔ)加賓語(yǔ)補足語(yǔ)的結構,the growth of 40% of the world’s food 是賓語(yǔ),possible是補充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)的結果,合起來(lái)就是make the growth of 40% of the world’s food possible。但是為了不讓只有一個(gè)單詞possible作補語(yǔ)看起來(lái)太單薄,就將它和he growth of 40% of the world’s food換了位置。但是學(xué)生在讀句子的時(shí)候,應該要自動(dòng)幫它們還原。

  總結:

  總的來(lái)說(shuō),考生們很習慣地把閱讀中的理解障礙歸因于詞匯量不夠,但是如果對句子結構不熟練的話(huà),一樣會(huì )存在閱讀困難,因為學(xué)生往往發(fā)現無(wú)法將每個(gè)詞的意思竄連成意思合理的句子。本文嘗試將雅思長(cháng)難句中經(jīng)常出現的難點(diǎn)給學(xué)生作了一個(gè)總結,首先學(xué)生需要了解英語(yǔ)句子的基本句子結構,在分析長(cháng)句時(shí),把主謂結構都先找出來(lái),分清楚哪些是主句主謂結構,哪些是從句主謂結構,了解從句的功能。其次,不要受一些附屬結構的影響,像是定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補語(yǔ),這些成分可以在分析完主謂結構后再加入進(jìn)去理解。最后,要注意一些特殊句型,特殊句型的數量并不多,平時(shí)的備考中不需要花很多時(shí)間就可以學(xué)習完?忌鷤冊趥淇佳潘奸喿x時(shí),應該要重視句子分析的能力,當這種能力變成一種習慣的時(shí)候,長(cháng)句就不再會(huì )是閱讀攔路虎了。

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