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科技英語(yǔ)閱讀特訓:記錄記憶
‘Mind-reading’
‘This “mind-reading” experiment, is quite a sensationalist term,’ says Dr Demis Hassabis reflecting on the media response to a recent experiment, ‘but it’s not entirely incorrect either.’ Hassabis is one of a group of Wellcome Trust researchers based at University College London, who have been looking at how memory is stored in the brain. ‘I am interested in auto-biographical memory, events in our lives, what makes us who we are,’ says Hassabis. ‘That is the type of memory that goes first in Amnesia, in Alzheimer’s, it’s the most vulnerable because it is also the most complex memory.’ The team is looking for what is encoded by memory when people experience something, and are exploring the hippocampus, the part of the brain critical for memory.
Higher-level thinking
‘People have done experiments,’ says Hassabis, ‘where they have shown participants pictures of cars and people, and they worked out from their brain activity what they were looking at.’ What they haven’t been able to identify is higher-level thinking, such as spatial memory. Before he completed his Doctorate, Hassabis was a well-known computer games developer, and he brought this expertise to this project.
‘We basically created an experiment with a virtual reality environment,’ says Hassabis, ‘which people navigated around, like playing Quake. The only task you had to do is walk from A to B to C to D, four pre-described positions in a green room and a blue room.’ When participants reached the assigned point they pressed a button, eyes down to the floor so they weren’t registering any image in particular, while brain activity was being scanned the whole time.
Spatial memory
‘We showed,’ explains Hassabis, ‘that just from activity in the hippocampus, we can predict where somebody was standing in the room. We are in some sense looking at the internal representation of space in the person’s brain. The only difference in each position is the person’s internal map of where they are. We were the first to show a high-level thought, a high-level memory, and investigate the nature of that in the human brain.’ The key says Hassabis, is that if you know what makes something memorable, you could develop a therapy to, ‘emphasize those aspects that we know are good for something being memorable.’
大腦解讀
“這項實(shí)驗的叫‘大腦解讀’，這名字聽(tīng)上去可夠有轟動(dòng)效應的�！� 回憶起媒體對這項試驗的反應，戴米斯?哈薩比斯說(shuō)，“但這也不完全不對�！惫_比斯是倫敦大學(xué)學(xué)院的一名維康基金會(huì )研究員。他主要研究記憶是如何儲存在大腦中的�！拔业难芯颗d趣是人的自傳式記憶，我們生命中各種事件和我們如何形成自己個(gè)性的，”哈薩比斯說(shuō)�！叭绻藗兓忌狭诉z忘癥或阿爾茨海默氏癥（又稱(chēng)早老性癡呆癥），自傳式記憶將最先消失。這種記憶最容易受損，因為它是最復雜的記憶�！惫_比斯所在的研究隊伍正試圖發(fā)現，當人們經(jīng)歷一個(gè)事件時(shí)，是什么被編碼在了記憶里。他們還在進(jìn)行海馬區的掃描工作。這一區域對記憶來(lái)說(shuō)至關(guān)重要。
高級記憶
哈薩比斯說(shuō)：“人們對大腦進(jìn)行過(guò)很多實(shí)驗。比如，科學(xué)家給人們出示汽車(chē)或人物的圖片，并通過(guò)研究人腦的活動(dòng)判斷他們所看的圖片內容�！� 但是，這些實(shí)驗還沒(méi)有涉及人的高級記憶，比如空間記憶。在完成自己博士學(xué)位之前，哈薩比斯就已經(jīng)是一個(gè)知名的電腦游戲開(kāi)發(fā)人了，他把自己這方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)知識應用到該項目的研究中來(lái)。
“我們利用虛擬現實(shí)技術(shù)設計了這個(gè)實(shí)驗，”哈薩比斯說(shuō)，“人們可以在這個(gè)虛擬世界自由行動(dòng)，就像玩《雷神之錘》游戲一樣。這里面你唯一要完成的任務(wù)就是從A點(diǎn)走到B點(diǎn)再走到C點(diǎn)再走到D點(diǎn)。這四個(gè)預先設定好的點(diǎn)分布在一間綠屋子和一間藍屋子里�！� 參與者到達一個(gè)預定點(diǎn)后就按一下按鈕。然后眼睛看地板，這樣他的大腦就不會(huì )接收任何別的圖像。這時(shí)科學(xué)家會(huì )對他的大腦活動(dòng)進(jìn)行掃描。
空間記憶
“實(shí)驗顯示，”哈薩比斯說(shuō)，“單從觀(guān)察海馬區的活動(dòng)，我們就能預測出實(shí)驗參與者在房間中的位置。從某種程度上講，我們在觀(guān)察大腦對空間的內部反映。各個(gè)點(diǎn)的唯一不同在于它們在大腦內部地圖上位置的不同。我們是第一個(gè)做到呈現人類(lèi)這種高級思維和高級記憶的。我們正在對這種記憶的屬性進(jìn)行研究�！惫_比斯說(shuō)，研究的重要性在于，如果我們能夠發(fā)現是什么因素使某個(gè)事件進(jìn)入記憶，我們就能研究出一種治療方式，用來(lái)“強化那些使人們獲得記憶的因素�！�
該內容來(lái)源于英國總領(lǐng)事館文化教育處
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